|
The Square Deal was President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. These three demands are often referred to as the "three C's" of Roosevelt's Square Deal. Thus, it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the most extreme demands of organized labor. A progressive Republican, Roosevelt believed in government action to mitigate social evils, and as president denounced "the representatives of predatory wealth” as guilty of “all forms of iniquity from the oppression of wage workers to defrauding the public."〔Time-Life Books, Library of Nations: United States, Sixth European English language printing, 1989〕 Within his second term, he tried to extend his Square Deal further. Roosevelt pushed for the courts, which had been guided by a clearly delineated standard up to that point, to yield to the wishes of the executive branch on all subsequent anti-trust suits. In 1903, with Roosevelt's support, Congress passed the Elkins Act. This stated that railroads were not allowed to give rebates to favored companies any longer. These rebates had treated small Midwestern farmers unfairly by not allowing them equal access to the services of the railroad. The Interstate Commerce Commission controlled the prices that railroads could charge. Legislation was passed which specified that meat had to be processed safely with proper sanitation. Foodstuffs and drugs could no longer be mislabeled, nor could consumers be deliberately misled. Roosevelt also fought strongly for land conservation, and safeguarded millions of hectares of wilderness from commercial exploitation.〔 Roosevelt’s conservation efforts were driven by practicality as well as by a love for nature. Influenced by early wise-use advocates like Gifford Pinchot, Roosevelt believed that nature existed to benefit humanity. In a conserved wilderness, water could be taken to irrigate farmland, sport could be had, and timber could be harvested. Acting on these beliefs, Roosevelt set up the federal Reclamation Service in 1902. The agency, through the use of dams and irrigation, created arable land in areas that had been too dry to farm, and the Reclamation Service eventually brought millions of acres of farmland into service.〔 During Roosevelt's time in office, 24 reclamation projects were set up, and 150 national forests were created.〔http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/trenv.html#RECLAMATIONPROJECTS〕 ==Labor== * A measure was approved that providing that eight hours should constitute a day’s labor on irrigation works. * Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the Philippine Islands, with violation of the Act being punishable by forfeiture of contracts and a fine of not less than $10,000.〔 * A measure was approved safeguarding the lives of employees in mines in Territories by regulating the amount of ventilation and providing that entries, etc., should be kept well dampened with water to cause coal dust to settle.〔 * A measure was approved exempting from taxation in the District of Columbia household effects to the value of $1,000, wearing apparel, libraries, school books, family portraits and heirlooms.〔 * A measure was approved providing for Government supervision of employment agencies in the District of Columbia.〔 * An Act relating to safety appliances on railroad trains was improved.〔 * A measure was approved requiring the collection of labor statistics in Hawaii.〔 * A measure was approved for the better protection of seamen.〔 * A measure was approved for securing the wages of employees on public works.〔 * A measure was approved for protecting the health of motormen and conductors on street railways in the District of Columbia.〔 * A measure was approved for a more thorough inspection of steam vessels.〔 * A measure was approved for safeguarding factory employees in the District of Columbia against accidents.〔 * A measure was approved making wages preferred claims.〔 * A measure was approved to provide for an investigation of women and child labor in the United States.〔 * A measure was approved restricting child labor in the District of Columbia.〔 * A measure was approved incorporating the National Child Labor Committee.〔 * A measure was approved establishing the Foundation for the Promotion of Industrial Peace.〔 * A measure was approved to regulate the hours of labor of railroad employees in the District of Columbia and the Territories.〔 * A measure was approved making railroad companies engaged in interstate commerce or operating in the District of Columbia, the Territories, the Panama Canal Zone, or other United States possessions, liable for injuries to, or death of, employees while on duty.〔 * A measure was approved safeguarding the lives of miners in the Territories and the District of Alaska.〔 * A measure was approved permitting leave of absence, with pay, on Labor Day to per diem employees of the Government.〔 * A measure was approved granting to injured employees on the Panama Canal absence, with pay for time necessarily lost as a result of injuries.〔 * A measure was approved for the inspection of boilers.〔 * A measure was approved prohibiting peonage.〔 * The first Federal employment service (forerunner of the United States Employment Service) was created in the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, Department of Commerce and Labor (1907).〔http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/events/1901-1950/〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Square Deal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|